JOURNAL FOR ARMENIAN STUDIES

Analysis of the vocabulary in Roland Sharoyan’s short stories “Kindergarten time” and “The death of father Hovhannes”

Gayane Khalatyan , Shushan Khachatryan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Հոդվածում ներկայացնում ենք Ռոլանդ Շառոյանի «Մանկապարտեզի ժամանակը» և «Սուրբ հայր Հովհաննեսի վախճանը» պատմվածքների բառապաշարի տարբեր շերտերի քննություն՝ համագործածական բառեր, ժողովրդախոսակցական կամ բարբառային բառեր, դարձվածքներ, հեղինակային նորակազմություններ, կրկնաբանություններ, որոնց միջոցով հեղինակը պատկերավոր է դարձնում Սասնա միջավայրի և կերպարների նկարագրությունը։

Phraseological units in Jivani’s works

Laura Avagyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Phraseological units hold a significant place in Jivani’s works and are an important and unique feature of the vocabulary. To further emphasize the figurative and expressive nature of his language, Jivani uses phraseological units connected with body parts. The stability and invariability of components of phraseological units are important structural and stylistic features. However, sometimes, for stylistic purposes or according to his preferences, Jivani makes various changes, weakening or strengthening the figurativeness of phraseological units.

When considering phraseological units used by Jivani, we did not give preference to particular linguistic approaches that are still controversial and are based on different classifications. During the analysis of Jivani’s phraseological units, we have tried to evaluate their semantic and stylistic significance. As it becomes obvious, some of them, which characterize Jivani’s way of thinking, can justifiably be considered part of the author’s unique style. Besides, they should be regarded as fixed expressions belonging to a vernacular and colloquial style, as well as to the literary-philosophical genre, and complement the list of phraseological expressions of the Armenian language.

The Understanding of Case Classification in Armenian and Russian Linguistics

Hripsime Kostanyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The aim of our study is to examine the debates surrounding the case systems in Armenian and Russian. Both Armenian and Russian have rich case systems which, despite sharing certain structural and functional similarities, also display significant differences - in terms of the number of cases and their functions.

Moreover, this work aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the case systems of Armenian (specifically the literary form of Eastern Armenian) and Russian, with the goal of revealing their similarities and differences. We have presented the case system of each language based on theories accepted in contemporary linguistics.

Armenian theorists have mainly focused on the syntactic functions, development, and classification of cases, while Russian scholars have emphasized morphological aspects, the use of prepositions, and case governance, often within systematized frameworks. We consider the five-case system to be the most appropriate, and for pronouns - a six-case system, although distinguishing between the genitive and dative in nominal declension may present certain challenges. The five-case system appears considerably more logical from the perspective of core grammatical relationships.

Linguistic analysis of the Modern Armenian (ashkharabar) books printed in the first half of the 18th century in Venice

Tamara Poghosyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article is dedicated to the study of the linguistic system of the Modern Armenia (ashkharabar) books printed in Venice in the first half of the 18^th century. These books played a significant role in the history of Armenian printing and in the development of the Armenian language. Mkhitar Sebastatsi, in order to realize his scholarly and educational goals, wrote them in the Modern Armenian language understandable to the people, reflecting various features of the linguistic system of the early Western Armenian.

The article discusses the formation of the Western Armenian, analyzes the phonetic system and vocabulary features of these books, and examines various aspects of the morphological system — including inflection, conjugation, case formation, and declension. The study shows that the linguistic system of these books is primarily characterized by features typical of Western Armenian dialects. Although the books still contain classical Armenian (Grabar) constructions as well as some linguistic phenomena typical of Eastern Armenian dialects, the language of these works can be described as an expression of the early Western Armenian language.

The Respеption of Avetik Isahakyan’s “Lilith” Poem in the Panorama of Armenian Art

Lilit Gevorgyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Avetik Isahakyan’s poem “Lilith” is one of the most distinctive works of Armenian literature, where a mythological prototype transforms into an artistic and symbolic cultural figure. Isahakyan interprets Lilith as a fiery, free-spirited and independent woman-ideal, whose beauty and unattainability transcend reality. She becomes a symbol of femininity, individuality, inner freedom and unfulfilled love.

The poem influenced later Armenian literature, particularly the works of Hovhannes Shiraz, Silva Kaputikyan, Vahagn Davtyan and Ara Aloyan, in which Lilith appears not only as a literary character, but also as a psychological and symbolic embodiment.

The character received wide artistic responses in painting, graphic arts and monumental sculpture (G. Khanzhyan, S. Muradyan, V. Khachatryan, etc.). In sculpture, Lilith is represented as an elemental force, while theatrical and cinematic interpretations highlight her mystical and existential nature.

This study demonstrates that Isahakyan’s Lilith has moved beyond the boundaries of literature, becoming a cultural archetype that reflects artistic, aesthetic and psychological dimensions and continues to inspire Armenian art today.

The works of Louis Aragon, André Breton, Antonin Artaud, and Henrik Edoyan from the perspective of surrealism

Karen Khurshudyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents a comparative analysis of the works of Louis Aragon, André Breton, Antonin Artaud, and Henrik Edoyan through the aesthetic, philosophical, and historical-cultural dimensions of Surrealism. French Surrealism is examined as a twentieth-century movement born from the rebellion of Dadaism, which consciously sought to shatter the boundaries of human consciousness, unveiling the creative powers of the subconscious, of dream, of absurdity, and of the unconscious.

Aragon, Breton, and Artaud aspired to liberate reason and art from social and moral constraints, transforming poetry into a realm of spontaneous psychic revelation. Within their works unfolds the collision between the human inner world, its pain and its passions, and external reality. For Breton and Aragon, poetry becomes a metaphysical space of freedom and love; for Artaud, it is a field of disassembly-of language, body, and consciousness.

Within the context of contemporary Armenian literature, Henrik Edoyan’s poetry emerges as a singular continuation of Surrealism’s philosophical legacy. He intertwines the aesthetic principles of Western avant-gardism with Armenian historical memory, existential reflection, and national identity. In Edoyan’s verse, dream and reality are interwoven, becoming terrains of memory, suffering, and the quest for being. In his hands, Surrealism ceases to be a mere movement and transforms into a spiritual experience, an act of inner resistance, and a mode of historical re-living.

The article concludes that both the French Surrealists, with their revolutionary aesthetics, and Henrik Edoyan, with his existential and national interpretation, perceive poetry as a path toward transcendence of limits and the unveiling of inner freedom. For them, poetry becomes a means of rearticulating identity and memory, where the subconscious, the dream, and the philosophical apprehension of human existence converge into a unified creative vision.

On the Specificity of Vasken Shushanyan’s “Diary” (“Oragir”)

Nelli Tadevosyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The aim of this article is to present the little-studied “Diary” (1936–1941) by the French-Armenian prose writer Vasken Shushanyan. The study focuses on the key questions raised in the “Diary”: the writer’s personal drama, his existential reflections and confessions, the exploration of the literary and cultural issues of the time, the anxieties characteristic of the Diaspora, and the destructive consequences of war.

As a subgenre of autobiographical prose, the “Diary” —through its intimate and sincere mode of narration—makes the author’s voice more audible and establishes organic links with his other works. Chronologically, it continues the series of writings that began in 1925 with “Messy”, “Inner Landscape”, and “Chronicle Lyrical”. However, in the “Diary“, Shushanian, adhering to the conventions of the rules of the diary genre, records the events of his life beginning in 1936, depicting his daily routine and, through his diary entries, creating a space where internal and external biographies intersect.

Srpouhi Lisitsian’s role in the documentation and study of dance songs

Narine Arshakyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article is dedicated to the study of Armenian dance-song folklore in the works of Srbuhi Lisitsian (1893–1979), the founder of Armenian ethnodance studies. It is an undeniable fact that her works are a vital source not only for Armenian ethnographers and cultural scholars but also for their foreign counterparts. The article examines Lisitsian’s observations regarding Armenian folk dance songs, which are deeply rooted and intertwined with ancient ritual, cultic, and communal traditions. According to the author, the dance song is one of the essential components of folk theatrical dance performances: it is a spoken or sung text that is closely tied to the movement-based text—the dance itself—and this close connection is shaped by ancient ritualistic roots. This archaic layer is preserved especially in the refrains of the songs, which are relatively stable and resistant to change. In contrast, the verses and lines of the song lyrics are more flexible and subject to transformation, thus creating new content and influencing the dance as well.

In her research, Lisitsian addressed a range of genre-specific characteristics of dance songs, their form, modes of performance, and various issues of theme and content. She played a crucial role in documenting and preserving these song texts, acting

not only as a recorder but also as a translator from various languages. Lisitsian’s notations of dance-song texts now hold a significant place in the heritage of Armenian dance folklore. They have been republished by Armenian musicologists and remain a rich resource for future studies.

Information on Western Armenia and the Armenians Presented by the American Protestant Missionary Moses Parmelee

Edgar Hovhannisyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

As a result of the missionary activities carried out by American Protestant missionaries, numerous Protestant communities were established in various settlements of Western Armenia during the 19th century. In the second half of the 19th century, Moses Payson Parmelee arrived in the Ottoman Empire intending to conduct missionary work among Western Armenians. He documented his activities in two volumes, published in the United States in 1868 and 1888, entitled Life Scenes Among the Mountains of Ararat and Home and Work by the Rivers of Eden, respectively.

In these works, the author primarily focuses on his missionary endeavors. In addition, they provide a wealth of valuable information concerning the social and cultural life, daily practices, customs, and various other aspects of Western Armenia and the Armenians. From this perspective, these publications hold significant historical and source-critical value for the study of the spread of Protestantism among Armenians, as well as for the investigation of numerous issues pertaining to 19th-century Armenian history.

This article examines the two aforementioned works. The study aims not only to assess their scholarly significance but also to highlight the subjective and ideological interpretations they contain, which are shaped by the author’s theological perspectives and personal worldview.

Suppression of anti-state uprisings in the Zangibasar, Boyuk-Vedi, and Davalu regions of Armenia, and in the Surmalu province in 1918-1920

Vanik Virabyan, Hrant Virabyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Overcoming the rebellious moods of the Muslim-populated regions controlled by Azerbaijan, establishing law and order were important guarantees for ensuring the sovereign rights of the First Republic and its further existence. And only after the peaceful negotiations reached a deadlock and the possibilities through interstate channels were exhausted, the government resorted to military force and re-established the powers of the RA authorities in Zangibasar, Vedibasar, Surmalu and other regions.

Armenian ecclesiastical dioceses and the improvement of the condition of Persian Armenians in the 19th century during the reigns of Nasreddin Shah and Mozaffar Ad-Din Shah

Arman Andrikyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Persian Armenian community and its ecclesiastical authorities experienced a period of relative stability during the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar. Fully aware of the significant benefits that the Armenian population—especially that of New Julfa—brought to the Iranian state, Fath-Ali Shah undertook decisive measures to place Armenians and Armenian religious institutions under royal protection.

Following the signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the mass emigration of Armenians from Atropatene and, partially, from New Julfa to the Russian Empire further compelled the Shah to extend his high patronage over the Armenian population and the Armenian Church, with the aim of preventing the continued outflow of Armenians from the country.

Manifestations of the Idea of Territorial Reunification in the Underground Organizations “Union for the Reunification of Armenia” (1966–1967) and “Movement for the Reunification of Armenia” (1969–1971)

Shahen Harutyunyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents a comparative analysis of the underground organizations “Union for the Reunification of Armenia” (1966–1967) and “Movement for the Reunification of Armenia” (1969–1971), examining them as embodiments of the idea of territorial reunification within the context of Soviet-Armenian dissident activity. Both organizations defined the principle of reunification as their central ideological and political objective, a priority clearly reflected both in their programmatic guidelines and in their very names. Their activities focused primarily on the restoration of Armenia’s territorial integrity, the public articulation of the Armenian Genocide, and the pursuit of historical justice.

The comparative examination demonstrates that these two structures represent distinct manifestations of a common ideological current. They share multi-layered similarities—ideological, organizational, and nominal-positioning them as significant stages in the evolution of national-political dissent in Soviet Armenia.

Ida Kar: A "Bohemian Photographer" of the 20th Century

Yvette Tajarian — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In the history of 20th-century photography, the Armenian-born photographer Ida Kar (Aida Karamian, 1908–1974) stands out as a versatile and innovative artist whose work had a significant impact on both Armenian and international photographic culture. Her creative trajectory developed within a multilayered environment that encompassed surrealist experimentation, the free-spirited atmosphere of bohemian culture, and the aesthetic innovations of her time.

At the core of Kar’s artistic legacy lies portraiture, distinguished by psychological depth and artistic expressiveness. Through her portraits, she was able to reveal not only the physical appearance of her sitters but also their inner world, creating images that were at once documentary and symbolic. Her photographs often intertwine reality with artistic conventions, turning them into unique documents of cultural memory. Ida Kar produced more than 10,000 photographs, many of which are preserved in private collections and prestigious international institutions. Her works have been widely exhibited, with the landmark solo exhibition at London’s Whitechapel Gallery in 1960 affirming photography’s place within the broader context of the visual arts.

Kar’s creative heritage is valuable not only for its aesthetic qualities but also for its historical and cultural significance. Her photographs immortalized prominent artists, intellectuals, and ordinary individuals of her time, thereby shaping a cultural portrait of the 20th century. Thus, Ida Kar can be regarded as a key figure in both Armenian and world photography, whose art continues to maintain its relevance today.

Urartian fresco art in the culture of the Ancient World

Nairi Balabekyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Urartian fresco art occupies an important place in the cultural heritage of the ancient world: It was formed and developed in the 9th-6th centuries BC on the territory of the state of Urartu, which occupied most of the Armenian Highlands in the territory of the modern Republic of Armenia, Eastern Turkey (Western Armenia), the North-West of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the southern regions of the Republic of Georgia.

Urartian fresco art in the culture of the Ancient World is distinguished by its originality, artistic execution, coverage of broad strata of society and ideological content. It was not only decorative art, but also an expression of state ideology, religious beliefs and cultural identity. By right, although Urartian fresco painting in the rich cultural heritage of the Armenian people began to be studied in the middle of the last century, it still needs to be discovered and studied in depth and comprehensively., nevertheless, today it has received wide recognition and high value.

Numerous samples of the Urartian material culture have become the subject of numerous valuable scientific studies, have caused and still cause admiration, surprise, give way to discussions and analysis.

The National school as the basis of education and national security

Hasmik Amirjanyan, Diana Margaryan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents the role of the National school in the preservation of national education and ensuring national security: basic concepts, components, directions and methods.The issues related to the role of the National School in ensuring national identity and security in the context of global globalization are considered. Educating a generation with a national mindset is crucial for our country, as our people-largely surrounded by hostile states and still engaged in a struggle for territory and survival-face numerous unresolved challenges.

On the path toward the formation of the National School, we have identified the following factors: global scientific and technological progress, patriotism, the importance of the textbook, the teacher, and teaching methodology. By creating a National School, we enhance the quality of the nation, strengthen the awareness of patriotism, unity, and national identity, and form a generation guided by an understanding of the importance of valuing and preserving its national characteristics.

In the course of our research, we came to the conclusion that in fact, the creation of a National school is a complex process due to many factors. His organization requires not only the necessary tools, but also a lot of organizational work. Therefore, the state is obliged by its policy to support all this.

Historical and theoretical paths of the formation and development of syntax teaching methodology

Zhenya Hovhannisyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents a historical and theoretical overview of the development of teaching methodology for Armenian language syntax, with a focus on its linguistic, logical, and psychological foundations. It analyzes key stages in the evolution of methodological thought—from the medieval works of Hovhannes Yerznkatsi and the principles initiated by Mesrop Mashtots to the methodological systems formed in the 19th–20th centuries. The study shows how Armenian language teaching methodology was initially viewed as a branch of didactics and later evolved into an independent discipline. Special attention is paid to students' age-related, sensory, and intellectual characteristics as psychological factors influencing the acquisition of syntax. The role of logic and individualized approaches is emphasized as a means of enhancing learning effectiveness. The article also examines the theoretical and practical contributions of prominent educators and linguists such as Khachatur Abovyan, S. Mandinyan, M. Abeghyan, A. Gharibyan, F. Khlghatyan and others. Overall, the study highlights syntax instruction as a crucial tool not only for linguistic knowledge acquisition but also for developing students’ speech and logical thinking.

Musical ear as a means of developing musical abilities

Armine Hayrapetyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The priority of cultural values, along with the individual`s moral-psychological development and creative-emotional attitude toward the world, ensures the stable development of society.

A significant role is given to supplementary art education institutions in developing the spiritual culture of the younger generation. They are intended to acquaint children with aesthetic values, develop their creative abilities, and shape positive value orientations.

The objective of music pedagogy is to develop learners' competencies that enable conscious perception and performance of music. Systematic and purposeful instruction in this area creates favorable conditions for mastering musical elements and fostering their further development.

Music, as a form of art, has great spiritual and moral potential, serves as a means of aesthetically comprehending life, and reflects the diversity of life phenomena, contributing to the artistic understanding of the world.

Musical activity is distinguished by its unique characteristics and presupposes the presence of a number of qualities necessary for its realization: innate musical inclinations, emotional sensitivity and receptivity, a well-developed psychomotor domain, musical abilities, and so on.

This article emphasizes the importance of musical hearing, the development of which is achieved through abilities.

Pathogenesis of Vocal Fold Hemorrhage in Singers and Pedagogical Methods for Its Overcoming

Mane Bareghamyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the formation, development, and maintenance of the singing voice from both pedagogical and medical perspectives. It is noted that one of the most common and high-risk vocal fold disorders is vocal fold hemorrhage (vocal hematoma), frequently observed among individuals engaged in professional voice use. Clinical manifestations include sudden voice loss, hoarseness, register disturbances, and loss of upper notes. The main diagnostic methods are medical—videolaryngoscopy, videostroboscopy, and voice functional analysis. The core component of recovery and prevention is vocal hygiene, which involves maintaining an appropriate vocal regimen, controlling physiological factors, and undergoing professional supervision. The integration of medical and pedagogical approaches ensures long-term stability of vocal function and reduces the risk of recurrent injuries.

Transforming Education in the Digital Age with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Virtual Reality (VR)

Edgar Amiryan , Spartak Soghoyan — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

AI and VR technologies represent a new and qualitatively advanced phase in the development of pedagogy, where learning becomes more personalized, immersive, and data-driven. When applied together, these technologies create Intelligent Virtual Learning Environments (IVLEs) that significantly surpass traditional teaching methods in effectiveness, especially in the acquisition of complex concepts and the development of practical skills. Empirical evidence indicates that classroom processes conducted within such environments become more efficient, engaging, and motivating, promoting active learner participation, self-regulation, and metacognitive skill development. Moreover, AI enables continuous monitoring and adaptive management of learning, while VR provides a safe and experiential educational environment. Educational institutions should focus on the widespread, systematic, and ethically responsible implementation of these technologies, ensuring teacher preparedness and supporting the development of a new generation of learners ready to face future educational and professional challenges.