JOURNAL FOR ARMENIAN STUDIES

INTERNALIZATION OF ARMENIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY AND CULTURE THROUGH THE EFFORTS

AELITA DOLUKHANYAN — 2025-09-13

For 50 years, Arshak Chobanyan presented to the world the treasures of Armenian literature, which are not only of national but also of universal value, through books and articles published in French.

Through the translations of ancient and medieval Armenian poetry into French, A. Chobanyan introduced the world community to the treasury of Armenian poetry, which served as the basis for research by the specialists in Armenian Studies of different nationalities.

The works of the great patriot and researcher are based on the knowledge of a huge layer of ancient and European literature. A. Chobanyan, who loved his motherland infinitely, created a powerful spiritual Armenia in place of the motherland lost in 1915, where Western Armenia - with its revived colonies and the territorially reduced Armenia act as a united and powerful country that has regained its ancient cultural territories owing to the power of the word.

In order to present Armenian literature to Europe and the world, A. Chobanyan chose as his associates French Nobel Prize winners, members of the French Academy, such as Anatole France, Frederic Mistral, Rene Grousset, Paul Adam, Gabriel Mourre and others.

FELIX BAKHCHINYAN։ PORTRAIT EXPERIENCE

ARMENUHI MURADYAN — 2025-09-13

The article is dedicated to writer,literary critic,translator Felix Bakhchinyan. He is the author of more than a hundred books։ monographs,novels,short stories,articles,reviews.

Felix Bakhchinyan is one of the unique figures of Armenian literature. His interests are very diverse.His literary legacy is one of the lasting values of Armenian literature.His artistic prose stands out for its thematic variety, unique style and writing stile. He created good traditions, carried out huge works in terms of strengthening literary and cultural ties with different peoples, recognition of writers, translations, publishing.

Thanks to his efforts, the museum of the great philanthropist and scientist Fritjof Nansen was created, of which he was the director. The familiarity of the Lithuanian poet Eduardas Mezhelaitis with Armenia, Armenian culture, and great Armenians is connected with his name.The writer who went through a difficult path was tied to his birthplace by strong threads.His native home left a deep and cherished mark on his literary world.

We came to the conclusion that Felix Bakhchinyan is talented as a novelist, critic and translator. Te novel “De’jà vu” which can be ranked among the best books dedicated to the genocide, occupies its worthy place in his fiction.

TUBERCULOSIS AS A METAPHOR OF WAR IN THE NOVEL BY LEVON ZAVEN SYURMELYAN’S “98.6°” NOVEL

HRACHYA SARIBEKYAN — 2025-09-13

The article represents the discussion about the English novel “98.6°” written by the Armenian-American writer Levon Zaven Syurmelyan. The novel depicts the life of an Irish person by the name of Daniel Moor who was treated from pneumonia in one of the American hospitals.

For the first time in the literary studies the author considers pneumonia as a metaphor of war which parallelly develops in accordance of the actions going on the backstage of the novel. Thus it opens a door to analyze the novel in the context of existentialism. Either war or pneumonia with their extensive presence makes a man to face existential questions, put forth to express his own personality, manifestation of temperament or discernment and self-cognition. The article reveals the way how Syurmelyan’s hero eventually makes his choice between the ruinous human instincts and the high spirituality, the nature and the civilization, the hope and the desperation. In the long run he finds the self-cognition as a way to salvation. Syurmelyan believes that salvation of the man is hidden in the hope, the spirituality and nature that conditions the “miracle” of the cure of the hero. The hospital of the poor in which he appears after wasting his vital energy among prostitutes remind us about the hell of corrupt social life. The hero succeeds to “be resurrects” from living death after finding Christ in his life.

HOVHANNES TUMANYAN՛S HEROES CONDEMNED BY FATE

ANI GHAZARYAN — 2025-09-13

Tumanyan's creative world is distinguished by itsindispensableoriginality and harmony, which is primarily explained by the poet's knowledge of the world and his unshakable love and faith for his homeland and people. It is an exceptionally harmonious and sturdy structure with constant and obvious symbols reflecting the colors of real life.

Therefore, it is no coincidence that the rich literary legacy he left behind embodies the past and the present of his native homeland, the best artistic traditions, reconfirming that true literature should fully reflect the centuries-old conversations and customs of the birth of the people's mind and soul. By artistically presenting and discussing the plots and episodes selectively taken from real life, he gives meaning to all of that, first of all, on the moral level.

Making the people of the countryside, with their daily emotions, hopes and feelings, characters of his fiction, Tumanyan did not become a writer of rural life at all, although once some pens in the literary world voiced unnecessary opinions that Tumanyan idealized the rural reality, trying to cast a shadow on his works. Ignoring the groundless views that have nothing to do with reality, and sometimes giving adequate answers to them, he continued to stand tall as a great national poet, boldly challenging the reality. Along with presenting the moral description of rural life to the public, the poet also truthfully depicts the difficult socio-economic situation of the people. Although he is not a participant in the happenings, he uses a subtle artistic trick to make his story convincing, while the reader captivated by the depicted world, can endlessly feel the author's absent presence inside. He analyzes the vital facts from the point of view of social problems and moral values of the moment, presenting life as it is - with exceptional artistic thinking. H. Tamrazyan has noticed correctly: "An ordinary human living in his works, in everyday pains and struggles, is often, very often, burned by supernatural feelings, by mental fires" (Tamrazyan H., 1995).

Both the farmer of the "Plow Song" and the children witnessing the fun of the grandfathers (“Old Blessing”), and the old man with life experience, speaking with a sigh about his and the people's pain and sorrow (“Sigh”), and the families of Anush (“Anush”), Maro (“Maro”) and Gikor (“Gikor”) are in the same economic situation, extreme poverty is an inseparable companion of their lives. It is noteworthy that the circumstances of the destruction of the heroes condemned by the fate presented by the poet are absolutely not the same, while the motive is almost the same - the undermining environment in the backward and dark kingdom. From this point of view, D. Demirchyan is absolutely right when he writes: “H. Tumanyan is not a village or folk poet, because, it is true, he takes the material from the province, but he gives them universal ideas. He is perhaps more of a national poet, indeed he is. He is the reflection of our nation's feelings." (D. Demirchyan, 1919, “Mshak”, No. 60). By the way, many of the literary heroes are real people: the works “Gikor” (1895), “Maro” (1887), “Loretsi Sako” (1889) and “Sigh” (1890) were written based on real events he evidenced and heard.

TWO NOVELS, TWO ATTEMPTS AT OVERCOMING TRADITION (KHACHATUR ABOVYAN'S "WOUNDS OF ARMENIA" AND YEGHISHE CHARENTS' "THE LAND OF NAIRI")

TAGHUHI GHAZARYAN — 2025-09-13

This article examines the mechanisms of tradition overcoming in Khachatur Abovyan's "Wounds of Armenia" and Yeghishe Charents' "Land of Nairi" novels. The study demonstrates that these works represent two different models of literary innovation, each providing a unique response to the literary crisis of its time. The research applies Franco Moretti's compromise theory, Edward Said's orientalism critique, and Bakhtin's genre approaches. Abovyan's model is characterized as a "substitutional" strategy, where old elements (classical Armenian, sacred content) are completely replaced by new ones (dialect, romantic-national material). Charents' model is presented as a "critical" method, where traditional forms are preserved while being subjected to irony and reinterpretation. The article reveals the cyclical nature of tradition overcoming, showing that Abovyan's revolutionary achievements become the object of Charents' criticism. It concludes that the similarity between the two novels lies not in content but in methodological identity – both consciously destroy the literary conventions of their time. The study reveals that the novel as a Western form requires constant renewal and overcoming of established traditions to maintain its viability. The research contributes to understanding the dynamics of literary development in "minor" literatures and demonstrates how global genres adapt to local cultural contexts through conscious rejection of previous achievements.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE IN SAYAT NOVA'S LYRICS

ELICHKA MELIKBEKYAN — 2025-09-13

This work examines the central theme of the lyric poetry of the 18th-century Armenian poet-ashugh Sayat-Nova – love – revealing its multifaceted manifestations and philosophical depth. The theme of love is analyzed as the central axis of Sayat-Nova's entire creative heritage, as noted by Hovhannes Tumanyan, who characterized him as a "magnificent lover" and an "eternal fiery soul."

The study discusses various manifestations of love, ranging from worldly emotions and descriptions of the beloved woman's physical beauty ("Angin akn vret sharats" / "Precious Gem Strung on You," "Patkirkd ghalamov kashats" / "Your Image Drawn with a Pen") to mystical interpretations of divine love and the influence of Sufi mysticism ("Dun en hurin is" / "You Are That Houri"). Key taghs (poems/songs) are analyzed, revealing the three-stage perception of love (worldly, spiritual, mystical union) and the features of the artistic system (comparisons, metaphors, symbols – e.g., "Ashkharhə tsov, du mejə nav" / "The World is a Sea, You are a Ship Within It").

Special attention is also paid to the tragic aspect of love, particularly the poet's possible romance with Princess Anna Batonishvili, which is reflected in motifs of suffering ("Baghn blbulov ltsvil e" / "The Garden is Filled with Nightingales"), impossibility ("Dun me takavor is, yis me kheghch dervish" / "You are a King, I am a Poor Dervish"), and the irresistible power of love ("Shat sirun is" / "You Are Very Beautiful").

PSYCHOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE MODERNIST HERO.

LILIT ABAJYAN — 2025-09-13

This scholarly article analyzes the character of Mikael, the modernist hero in Sergey Manukyan’s novel The Pelican, presenting him as a bearer of moral, psychological, and cosmic dialectics. Mikael’s inner crisis, planetary duality, and fragmented memory are interpreted as expressions of the modern individual's identity collapse and search for redemption. The central character of the novel, Mikael, is portrayed as an abstract and spiritually conflicted representation of the modern individual, whose scientific achievements stand in stark contrast to his moral instability and the fragmentation of his identity. At the core of the analysis lies the question: is salvation possible in a world where values and faith are under constant doubt? The author demonstrates that the novel blends elements of eco-fantasy, science fiction, and modernist philosophy, creating a space where salvation is attainable only through inner transformation. The Pelican transcends traditional genre boundaries, becoming a unique phenomenon in contemporary Armenian literature with a deeply humanistic resonance։ in other words, a mirror to guide the journey into the inner world. It is regarded as a unique attempt within contemporary Armenian literature to reinterpret the discourse of salvation under conditions of metaphysical instability.

THE AREAS OF FOREIGN SCIENCES APPLICATION IN MODERN LITERARY ARMENIAN

ZHENYA HOVHANNISYAN — 2025-09-13

This article presents a linguistic analysis of foreign borrowings found in literary works taught in high school. Specifically, it examines linguistic phenomena that may hinder students’ ability to maintain purity of speech. The study addresses common inaccuracies at the phonetic, lexical, and syntactic levels. It highlights the connections between foreign words and borrowings, comparing various linguists’ perspectives on the issue.

Many linguists classify certain borrowings as foreign words, which creates challenges in understanding and integrating them into the vocabulary.

Based on the results of research conducted among high school students, the study identifies the main reasons that prevent foreign-derived constructions from being replaced by Armenian equivalents.

By analyzing several literary texts from the high school curriculum, the frequency of these borrowings is examined. Given the extent of their usage in literature, the article recommends regularly addressing this topic in grades 10 through 12, explaining the inappropriateness of such usages and teaching the Armenian alternatives.

The domains in which foreign borrowings are used in modern literary Armenian are also explored—both in everyday conversational language and in artistic literary styles.

This research can serve as a guide for teachers when teaching about borrowings.

Additionally, it is advisable to develop relevant methodological materials that will ease the work of both teachers and students, thereby supporting a more conscious process of linguistic purification.

Such an approach can serve as a foundation for innovative educational initiatives aimed at the development of linguistic policy.

CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES OF VERB GENDER IN EASTERN ARMENIAN COMPARISON WITH WESTERN ARMENIAN GENDER-DEFINING PARTICLES

ARMINE POGHOSYAN — 2025-09-13

Language is a living organism and is subject to various influences and changes over time.Verb voice, more than any other linguistic unit or grammatical order, has changed considerably over the years and centuries. And now we have many controversial issues related to verb voice.The goal of our work is to show these changes and to give a solid answer to the problematic questions.

Let's remember that the gender order of a verb indicates the relationship between the grammatical subject and the object, the logical subject and the object. In other words, gender expresses the verb's ability to take on a task and its relationship to that task and subject.

By also presenting a brief study of gender-defining particles, we will provide a grammatical canonical picture of voice order in both Eastern and Western Armenian. There are conflicting opinions and very different perspectives. We will bring these together, summarize them, and understand how voice-defining particles help to distinguish the voice of a verb, and answer all the controversial questions related to voice. We will also briefly present a picture of the decades-long process of studying the voices of modern Armenian. We will also make comparisons with Western Armenian.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOOK OF REVELATION OF JOHN FROM BIBLE NO. 349 OF THE MATENADARAN (MASHTOTS MATENADARAN).

ARPINE SIMONYAN СИМОНЯН — 2025-09-13

The art historical analysis of the illustrations in the Book of Revelation, as preserved in Manuscript MM 349 of the Bible, reveals that although the iconography of the scenes in the works of Markos the Illuminator and European masters largely overlaps, they differ in their interpretative nuances and levels of artistic execution. Markos the Illuminator's (Patkerahan) miniature art is distinguished by its expansion of canonical imagery through the inclusion of novel thematic scenes. In many of these, the artist exercised considerable creative freedom, often opting for compositions that reflected real life and customary practices of the time His style exhibits the influence of classical Armenian medieval miniature traditions, as well as the direct impact of contemporary European painting and Dutch and German engravings. While upholding the heritage of Armenian manuscript art, Markos simultaneously demonstrated a uniquely creative approach that is characteristic of the Constantinople school.

The manuscript tradition of Constantinople, with its vivid originality and distinctiveness, significantly contributed to the development of Armenian art and occupies a unique place within the global artistic heritage. The art of Markos the Illuminator, as a devoted follower of these traditions, vividly expresses this uniqueness and constitutes a rich and independent cultural legacy. Thus, Markos the Illuminator, a prominent representative of the Constantinople school, made an undeniable contribution to the history of both Armenian and global art. He masterfully synthesized Western and Armenian traditions, maintaining a high level of artistic excellence.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE ARTISTIC DECORATION OF THE PORTRAITS OF THE EVANGELISTS AND THEIR TITLE PAGES IN THE MATENADARAN MANUSCRIPT NO 7639

Greta GASPARYAN — 2025-09-13

Among the numerous manuscripts preserved in the Matenadaran collection and created in the Armenian center of New Julfa, manuscript N^o 7639 occupies a special place. It stands out due to its approximately sixty miniatures, which are stylistically and thematically closely connected with the text of the Gospels. The manuscript was created in 1610 and is attributed to the well-known miniaturist Hakob Jughayets‘i. This study reviews nine manuscripts ascribed to this master, while also clarifying specific information concerning their identification and present location.

Particular attention is paid to the artistic analysis of the evangelists’ portraits and their title pages. Each Gospel in the manuscript begins with a miniature depicting the evangelist at the moment of divine inspiration. The compositional solutions reflect a synthesis of traditional and innovative elements, revealing both iconographic conventions and the artist’s individual style.

The title pages serve not only a decorative but also a memorial function, preserving information about the patron and his family. The study demonstrates that the decoration of manuscript N^o 7639 reflects the rich artistic tradition of 17th-century Armenian miniature painting and deserves to be considered an important source for the study of late medieval book art. Special attention is also given to the scenes of divine inspiration and their symbolic meaning in 17th-century Armenian book culture, confirming the significance of this manuscript for the study of New Julfa art and Armenian miniature in general.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ARMREVKOM’S POLICY FROM DECEMBER 1920 TO FEBRUARY 1921

ASHOT NERSISYAN — 2025-09-13

This article presents a critical analysis of the activities and developments of the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (Hayheghkom) during the period from December 1920 to February 1921. The study explores the historical background that led to the establishment of Hayheghkom as a governing body during a highly volatile period in Armenian history. It focuses on the committee’s administrative structure, ideological rhetoric, and the complex relationship with the Bolshevik central authorities in Moscow.

The paper highlights how the revolutionary committee was both a product and an instrument of Sovietization in Armenia, tasked with implementing a new socio-political order modeled on Bolshevik principles. Despite its declared mission to represent the proletariat and peasantry, Hayheghkom faced significant challenges due to lack of broad popular legitimacy and widespread resistance among various social strata, especially rural populations wary of land nationalization policies.

The ideological narrative promoted by Hayheghkom employed classic Bolshevik slogans and rhetoric aimed at mobilizing workers and peasants toward socialist transformation. However, this ideological messaging often clashed with entrenched national sentiments and social realities, leading to considerable skepticism and hostility from segments of Armenian society, including intellectuals and former political elites.

Moreover, the article discusses the direct control exerted by the Bolshevik center over the Armenian committee’s decisions and operations, which limited the autonomy of local leaders and intensified the perception of Hayheghkom as a Moscow proxy. The centralized control extended to economic and military spheres, reinforcing the committee’s dependence on external support and supervision.

The analysis culminates in examining the outbreak of the February 1921 uprising, which reflected deep-seated social grievances and political discontent with the new regime’s repressive measures and lack of popular engagement. The uprising underscored the inherent contradictions within the Sovietization process and revealed the limits of revolutionary authority imposed from above.

Ultimately, the article argues that the period under study represents a critical phase in Armenia’s transition to Soviet rule, illustrating the complexities of imposing ideological and political change in a society marked by traditional structures and nationalist aspirations. This case study contributes to a broader understanding of early Soviet republics’ formation dynamics and the interplay between local conditions and central directives.

TODAY'S LACHIN IS THE HISTORICAL ARMENIAN AGAKHECH.

EDUARD MKRTCHYAN — 2025-09-13

The arguments of Ghevond Alishan's book "Sisakan" confirm that the old province of Agakhech was originally an Armenian territory with Armenian villages, churches, buildings, strongholds and had connections with neighboring provinces: Tsghuk, Khabandi, Artsakh.

It is no coincidence that 43 villages of Aghachechka were taxpayers of the Syunik Church, and the villages of Arpa-ketik, Odzaberd (Khtsaberd) and the Chrachadzor Church near Harar in the southeastern region were taxpayers of the fortress city of Tokh in Dizak Marz.

The names of villages, rivers, mountains and landmarks of foreigners, recorded in Agakhechka, arose later, as Alishan notes, due to wars, with the arrival of foreigners from Agvan, but also from different places, there was no other way to determine. To armenize and turkify Agakhechka. Muslims, Kurds, Tajiks, Arabs, Turks entered there.

During the Soviet rule, starting from the 1920s, the former Agakhech became Lachi and was part of the Shusha district of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. From Stepanakert and Shusha to Lachin and to the border with Goris, there were very bad, dilapidated and rocky roads.

When, after the first Artsakh war, in 1991-1994, Shushi and Lachin became Armenian, they were restored, new residents appeared, a developed culture, new life and prosperity.

From the scientific descriptions and comments of Ghevond Alishan, it became clear that the province of Agakhech was originally the territory of Armenia, then foreigners arrived here, especially Kurds, who gradually became Turkified Azerbaijanis, citizens of Azerbaijan.

THE COVENANT GRANTED BY SALAH AD-DIN TO THE ARMENIAN COMMUNITY OF JERUSALEM

GAYANE MKRTUMYAN — 2025-09-13

In this article was studied the covernant given to the Armenian community of Yerusalem by Salah ad- Din, the founder of the Ayyubid dinasty (1171-1193), wich is based of the agrements with the Armenian population of the city in the names of Prophet Muhammad and Caliph Omar ibn al- Khattab. The article presented how this covenant was recognised and as an out-horitative document reaffirmed by the Muslim rules of different eras and the Sultans of Ottman Empire, wich not only protected the safe existence of Armenian community of Yerusalim, but also guarontered the Armenian rights to a number of sanctuaries of the city, whis for a long time were a subject of dispute between Armenian and other Christian communities. In the article, the Arabic monuscripts with the names of the Prophet Muhammad and Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab kept in the Divan of the Armenian Patraarchate of Yerusalem were stuolied in detail ley combining a series of studies and works relatied to the thema, wich are aviable in the Armenian bibliography. In the article the arabic handwritten covenant by Salah ad-Din to the Armenian community of Yerusalem was given Key attention, in two versions, the content of which was analysied by us, and the second version of that document was translated into Armenian. That covenant reaffirmed vows given to the Armenian community ley the prophet Muhammad and Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab, which guaranteed the safe existence of the Armenian community in the Yerusalem. This treaty in later centuries by being accepted by Ottoman Sultans, ensuring be peaceful life of the Armenian community.

PROPAGANDA OF HATRED AND HOSTILITY IN THE AZERBAIJANI MEDIA AND ON SOCIAL NETWORKS DURING THE 2020 WAR

ISKUI AVANESYAN — 2025-09-13

Xenophobia in the modern world is one of the challenges threatening humanity, which in any form prevents any possibility of cooperation. It is all the more dangerous when xenophobia and hate speech rise to the fore in public policy and cast doubt on the peaceful coexistence of peoples in the short and long term.

The manifestations of xenophobia and Armenophobia on the part of Azerbaijan deserve special attention, which we also witnessed during the 44-day war in 2020. The purpose of this article is to identify the spread of xenophobia by Azerbaijan during the 2020 war in the Azerbaijani media and social networks.

The research conducted in the article shows that during the period we are interested in, Azerbaijani media and social networks were flooded with statements and publications containing hatred of Armenians.

As a result of the conducted research, it can be argued that hatred in Azerbaijan is so systemic that it has turned into a closed chain, starting from the authorities and ending with cultural figures, each time receiving public approval. The available facts indicate that as a result of the policy of Armenophobia, public praise of ethnic torture and inhumane treatment of Armenians has become widespread in Azerbaijani society. Summing up, we can state that anti-Armenians served as the ideological basis for war crimes and attempts at ethnic cleansing during the 44-day war.

FLEXIBLE MANAGEMENT SKILLS IN WORKING WITH PARENTS

ASTGHIK VARDANYAN — 2025-09-13

When using facilitation technology in working with parents, the teacher is guided by clear principles. The principles of sincerity, trust, understanding and compassion are emphasized. The ultimate goal of the work of a teacher-facilitator should be to support parents who strive for independence and originality in solving various problems related to the upbringing and education of children.

Working with parents can be effective when parents participate in various events, seminars, discussions and even conferences organized by teachers. At the final stage of work, parents themselves organize meetings, develop agendas related to children’s problems, evaluate the results of parent-teacher meetings, etc.

An important condition for facilitation is surveys conducted by teachers, testing of parents, that is, everything that contributes to the establishment of feedback.

It is effective when the parent not only feels the support of the teacher, but also learns to support, that is, to facilitate.

To achieve the desired result, the teacher must use flexible skills in working with both parents and children.

Teachers must be able to provide parents with the information they need to collaborate on student achievement. They should avoid criticizing and negatively evaluating students with problems as much as possible.

It is fundamentally important that parents understand modern teaching principles and technologies, as well as the behavior patterns and problems of their children.

DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS' CREATIVE ABILITIES THROUGH THE USE OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES

AMALYA SAHAKYAN — 2025-09-13

This article examines the issue of developing creative abilities in younger schoolchildren using the latest pedagogical technologies. New approaches have been developed for utilizing innovative technologies and interactive methods to effectively foster students' creativity in the learning process at the elementary school level. A series of co-creative lessons, creative tasks, and exercises have been designed to enrich elementary school pedagogy with new theoretical and methodological frameworks.

An example of this is the use of project-based technology, the effectiveness of which depends on the presence of creative project thinking in students, their ability to reason about phenomena and situations, their interests, their selection of project content and objectives, and the availability of an information field related to the object or phenomenon under study. According to this method, students, based on their personal interests, work together with the teacher to design a practical task that is familiar or important to them. The goal of this approach is not only to gain knowledge but also to apply it effectively in practice and use it to solve various everyday problems.

Human beings are inherently creative, and it is the teacher’s task to reveal, develop, and enrich a child’s natural talent, and to apply it in practice when solving various pedagogical challenges. Creative tasks and exercises help to unlock the inner creative potential of each child and contribute to the development of interpersonal relationships among children.

NATIONAL HEROES IN NERSES SHNORHALI'S RIDDLES AND THE TEACHING OF THEIR CHARACTERS IN SCHOOL

EMMA SIMONYAN — 2025-09-13

Armenian poet, chronicler, musician-songwriter, writer, prominent public figure, Patriarch of All Armenians Nerses Shnorhali left a rich literary heritage: prose (essays, letters, speeches) and verse (sharakans, songs, melodies, treasures, incantations, riddles, epigrams of a novelistic, novelistic nature, etc.).

Armenian literary thought has addressed Nerses Shnorhali's riddles through separate books, literary articles, reviews, scientific analyses.

Real life images, the life of the Armenian people and biblical ideas are the main themes of Shnorhali's riddles, through which Armenian children and, why not, also the Armenian nation should be educated and brought up.

Nerses Shnorhali's riddles were highly appreciated by Kirakos Gandzaketsi. He notes: “And since Nerses was a genius in everything, he also wrote profound parables from books and riddles, so that instead of false conversations they would tell them at wine parties and weddings. And he himself, that worthy man of God, was meek and decent in everything” (Kirakos G., 1982).

Asatur Mnatsakanyan associates the complete formation and development of the classical riddle genre with Nerses Shnorhali, noting that “starting from Nerses Shnorhali, the boundaries of the themes of written riddles theoretically expand so much that they gradually approach the folk ones” (Mnatsakanyan A., 1980).

Shnorhali’s pedagogical views are fully revealed in the riddles. Shnorhali did his best to convey knowledge to students, but in addition to that, he attached importance not only to knowledge, but also to the way and methods of delivering knowledge. The creation and use of riddles was a huge breakthrough in pedagogy, as it became an important prerequisite for not only providing children with knowledge, but also for developing their worldview, sharp mind, observation, and the ability to guess from a brief description.

PRINCIPLES OF APPLICATION OF MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS ENGLISH COURSE

CHRISTINE SARGSYAN — 2025-09-13

The article presents the principles of multimedia technology, taking into account the peculiarities of teaching business English. The functions of multimedia technology are revealed. It is noted that it is impossible to organize an interactive lesson without the use of multimedia technology. The constructive and multimodal approaches formed within the framework of multimedia technology are emphasized. Accordingly, the idea is substantiated that only with a constructive approach can an interactive learning environment be created. The principles of active participation in organizing content, the use of modern technologies, individualization, consistency and logic, content adaptability, and motivation are presented.

The role of the principle of individualization is especially emphasized. The role of the multimodal approach in the development of individual educational trajectories is emphasized.

The effectiveness of the multimodal approach is substantiated especially by the application of the principle of content adaptability. This implies that when presenting the desired new teaching material, one must demonstrate flexibility, taking into account all the circumstances in a given situation.

It is noteworthy that multimedia technology is notable for its effectiveness, especially when it comes to the principles of consistency and logic.

THE ROLE OF DIGITAL MEDIA TOOLS IN IMPROVING TEACHER IN-SERVICE PROGRAMS IN THE ONLINE LEVEL

ALESA DURGARYAN — 2025-09-13

In today’s rapidly developing digital age, the impact and scope of the modern information environment are expanding at an unprecedented rate, penetrating not only everyday life, but also deeply reshaping the spheres of science, education, and pedagogy. This dynamic information sphere has a significant impact on various aspects of the educational process, in particular, on the educational experience of students and on the professional development and self-improvement of teachers. As a result, it is extremely important for educators to have a well-developed awareness and understanding of this information environment and to apply it effectively and purposefully in their professional activities. A key component of this is the informed and deliberate choice of information technologies and digital tools that are suitable for teachers’ continuing professional development and self-directed learning. The integration of various media and digital resources into the teaching and learning process requires that educators not only be familiar with these tools, but also confidently master them in practice. Teachers need to be able to meaningfully incorporate media tools into the educational process to improve learning outcomes and actively engage students in the digital world they inhabit.

The article emphasizes that digital media tools, when thoughtfully integrated, are not merely enhancements to teacher development—they are driving forces that reshape it into a more inclusive, personalized, and impactful process for educators worldwide. Тhis highlights the need for targeted teacher training programs that focus on developing media literacy competencies. Such programs should be designed to equip educators with the skills and knowledge necessary to effectively use media tools, understand their educational potential, and align their use with specific curriculum goals and objectives.

LITERACY INSTRUCTION IN PRIMARY CLASSROOMS OF ARMENIA AND THE USA

KARINE MADATYAN — 2025-09-13

The article touches upon the methodological revelations of literacy instruction comparison between Armenian and USA. We see clear phoneme-based instruction in both cases depending on the phonetic peculiarities of Armenian and English. To make the methodological choice of the opted methods more persuasive and well-grounded, we take a serious notice of the phonological peculiarities of both languages. Both Armenian and English come forward with their unique and inherent set of phonemes each possessing distinct numbers of phonemes, pronunciation rules, phonetic patterns, and phonological processes that shape their respective linguistic identities. Armenia has opted for analytic-synthetic methods using syllabic and lexical approaches. While US has advocated for more research backed systematic phonics instruction and science of reading. While systematic phonics instruction insures phoneme introduction, science of reading applies to efficiency of reading. These approaches for both languages reflect a shared commitment to foster literacy through didactic student-centered. It is important to point out that modern methodology is evolving and from pedagogical perspective that gives us a chance to be more flexible with methods to ensure maximum efficiency.