JOURNAL FOR ARMENIAN STUDIES

THE ORTHOGRAPHY AND ORTHOEPY OF THE LETTERS [M]-[N] IN THE CONTEMPORARY ARMENIAN LANGUAGE SYSTEM

Anahit Hakobjanyan — 2026-08-23

The article addresses the manifestations of orthography and orthoepy of [M]-[N] in contemporary literary Eastern Armenian. Although the orthography of the classical literary language was generally based on the principle “one sound - one letter,” manuscript sources from that period indicate the existence of orthographic variants caused by interactive phonetic changes and their influence on the written language. The orthography and orthoepy of [M]-[N] were similarly subject to such influences.

In modern Armenian, the rules for writing [M]-[N] are well established; however, deviations in pronunciation are often observed, which can create challenges in correct spelling.

The author emphasizes the importance of the morphological structure of words, recommends adherence to orthographic rules, and encourages the use of orthographic dictionaries.

SYNTACTIC PATTERN CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE POSTPOSITION “ԿՈՂՄԻՑ” (ON THE PART OF) IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE MEDIA OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA, 2021–2025

Nune Khachatryan — 2026-08-23

The article examines formulaic syntactic constructions involving the postposition "կողմից" (on the part of), on the basis of publications issued by the mass media of the Republic of Armenia between 2021 and 2025. The study aims to identify the structural, semantic, and functional features of these constructions, determine the factors contributing to their spread, and assess their conformity with the syntactic patterns of Armenian. To solve the identified problems, we applied descriptive-analytical and comparative-grammatical methods.

Two principal patterns are identified: "genitive form of a noun or pronoun + կողմից + deverbal noun" and "genitive form of a personal pronoun + կողմից + substantivized infinitive." These patterns occur most frequently in media texts reflecting political, diplomatic, and official communication. Their structural and functional correspondence with equivalent Russian patterns provides grounds for interpreting them as manifestations of syntactic calquing.

The findings demonstrate that, in these constructions, the agent of the action is already expressed by the genitive form of a noun or pronoun. When used with a deverbal noun or an infinitive, these forms function as subjective genitives, identifying the person or institution to whom the corresponding action is attributed. In such cases, the postposition "կողմից" (on the part of) neither establishes a new syntactic relation nor contributes additional semantic content; instead, it duplicates the subject relation already encoded by the genitive form.

The article proposes replacing such constructions with forms of expression that conform to the internal structural principles of Armenian, namely the genitive form without an additional postposition, a finite verb form, or an explicitly expressed subject.

THEORETICAL AND GRAMMATICAL APPROACHES OF GABRIEL AYVAZYAN IN THE CONTEXT OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ARMENIAN ORTHOGRAPHY

Hasmik Iritsyan — 2026-08-23

Ayvazyan’s textbook-manual “The Orthography of Our Armenian Language”, in addition to its primary pedagogical function, also reflects the author’s grammatical understanding and his approaches to various linguistic issues.

The work examines numerous important questions related to the invention of the Armenian alphabet, problems of letter pronunciation, as well as matters of transliteration and punctuation. Ayvazyan provides comprehensive knowledge about the prevailing views on the creation of the alphabet and their relationship to the letters of other languages. In accordance with the demands of the time, the author devotes significant attention to issues concerning transliteration, setting forth all the principles that translators had to follow in order to make their work as uniform as possible.

Ayvazyan’s grammatical approaches are based on the rich experience of the historical development of the Armenian language. The author was able to accurately foresee numerous orthographic and punctuation functions used in Armenian language (Ashkharhabar), most of which remain relevant in modern Armenian. Moreover, the parallels and comparisons drawn with European languages made the author’s work more comprehensive and an exceptionally effective grammatical study for its time.

THE INFLUENCE OF GRABAR ON CONTEMPORARY EASTERN AND WESTERN ARMENIAN LANGUAGES

Sinamar Kurghinyan — 2026-08-23

Armenian is a unique and distinctive branch of the Indo-European language family, which has preserved its fundamental structural features over centuries while simultaneously adapting to modern communicative and cultural demands. The development of the Armenian language is reflected in the expansion of its vocabulary, grammatical and syntactic transformations, as well as stylistic and functional diversification.

The distinctiveness of Armenian is determined not only by its historical and linguistic foundations, but also by Armenia’s geographical location and its interactions with various peoples, which accounts for certain similarities with the Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Baltic, and Western Indo-European languages.

This article examines the influence of Grabar—the classical and liturgical form of the Armenian language—on the development, vocabulary, grammatical structure, and stylistic features of modern Eastern and Western Armenian. It analyzes the historical, linguistic, and cultural factors that have contributed to the continued presence of Grabar in both branches of the modern literary language. The article also explores the mechanisms through which Armenian has maintained its vitality and relevance, demonstrating a unique balance between the preservation of historical heritage and integration into the contemporary cultural environment.

THE AESTHETIC CONCEPTION OF GUILLAUME APOLLINAIRE

Karen Khurshudyan — 2026-08-23

The article examines the poetic and aesthetic vision of Guillaume Apollinaire, focusing on his collection Alcools (1913) in the context of the European avant-garde and the origins of Surrealism.

Drawing on Baudelaire’s famous idea that one must “always be drunk,” the author shows that for Apollinaire intoxication symbolizes inspiration, love, and creativity, helping human beings overcome the burden of everyday life. Closely associated with Picasso and other avant-garde artists, Apollinaire developed an innovative poetic language that blended tradition and modernity. One of its most distinctive features was the rejection of punctuation, which enhanced the freedom, fluidity, and ambiguity of his verse.

Mythological and Christian themes play a central role in his poetry. Apollinaire reinterprets ancient, Celtic, and biblical stories, creating a personal mythology for the modern individual. Images of Christ, suffering, sacrifice, and hope give his work a profound spiritual dimension.

The main features of his aesthetics are: inspiration as a form of liberation, poetic innovation, the renewal of myth, and the use of Christian symbolism. His poetry brings together modernism and tradition, myth and modernity, the sacred and the everyday.

THE INFLUENCE OF SYMBOLISM ON THE WORKS OF VAHAN TERYAN, VAHAN TEKEYAN, AND VALERY BRYUSOV

Varduhi Davtyan — 2026-08-23

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of symbolism as an aesthetic movement Valery Bryusov’s, Vahan Teryan’s and Vahan Tekeyan’s works. The main ideas of symbolism, its system of imagery, and its stylistic features are examined from a comparative perspective. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic in terms of revealing intercultural literary connections, examining the representation of national identity, and addressing the enduring aesthetic and philosophical questions of loneliness, death, and spiritual searching that symbolism raises.

The analysis demonstrates that symbolism in the works of these three authors is manifested through both shared aesthetic principles and distinct national and individual characteristics. The motifs of melancholy, death, loneliness, nature, and patriotism are analyzed as key components of symbolist thinking. Particular attention is paid to individual poems by each author, including Bryusov's "The Dying Bonfire," Teryan's "Twilight Dreams," and Tekeyan's "The Last Murmur," as well as to the musicality and sound organization that shape the emotional atmosphere of their verse.

The analysis shows that in Bryusov’s works the intellectual and mystical dimension predominates, in Teryan’s works sensory and musical expression is more prominent, while in Tekeyan’s works national and spiritual emphases prevail. Although the three poets belong to different literary schools (Russian, Eastern Armenian, and Western Armenian), their works are shown to rest on a shared symbolist foundation while retaining strongly individual voices.

The analysis further highlights Bryusov's influence on Teryan's poetic development and demonstrates that Tekeyan's poetics reveal a typological affinity with broader European symbolism while preserving a distinctive artistic individuality.

In conclusion, the authors claim that symbolism played a significant role in the works of these three poets, shaping the thematic focus, imagery, and artistic language of their writings. Furthermore, it served as a distinctive cultural bridge connecting the Russian, Eastern Armenian, and Western Armenian literary traditions.

VIOLATION OF HIERARCHY AS AN ARTISTIC DEVICE IN HOVHANNES GRIGORYAN’S POETRY

Astghik Ohanyan — 2026-08-23

The article presents a comparative analysis of José Ortega y Gasset’s concept of the “dehumanization of art” and Hovhannes Grigoryan’s idea of the “disappearance of poetry,” examining their manifestation in Grigoryan’s poetic work. It also discusses Grigoryan’s 1970 essay, “How Poetry ‘Disappeared,’” published in issue 45 of the weekly Grakan Tert, interpreting it as a response to the debates in the literary press of the time surrounding youth poetry and framing the “disappearance of poetry” as a process of its humanization.

The aim of the study is to reveal how these two seemingly opposing theoretical approaches converge in the same artistic phenomenon—namely, the disruption of the hierarchy of things. To explore the role and significance of this disruption in Grigoryan’s poetry, the study employs a comparative analytical method to juxtapose the theoretical positions of the two authors. In addition, textual analysis is applied to examine the structural, thematic, and aesthetic features of selected poetic examples.

The research demonstrates how the inversion of hierarchical order becomes a distinctive artistic device in Hovhannes Grigoryan’s poetry, manifesting in several forms: the juxtaposition of existential concerns with everyday life, the focus on insignificant details within globally significant events, and the redistribution of importance between major and minor elements within broader contexts. The study further shows that the inversion of hierarchy described by José Ortega y Gasset, which facilitates an escape from reality into the realm of art, is transformed in Grigoryan’s poetry into a method of emphasizing essential aspects of reality precisely through their apparent neglect.

THE IDEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GABRIEL SUNDUKYAN’S DRAMATURGY IN THE WORKS “HUSBANDS”, “LOVE AND FREEDOM” AND “THE WILL”

Nora Melkonyan — 2026-08-23

The aim of the article is to reveal the process of ideological development in Gabriel Sundukyan’s dramaturgy through the analysis of the plays “Husbands,” “Love and Freedom,” and “The Testament.” It seeks to show how the author’s creative thinking evolves over time, moving from social criticism toward deeper moral and psychological observations. The research examines how the playwright’s perceptions of women’s freedom, family, love, social duty, individual moral responsibility, and inner liberation are transformed. At the same time, the work analytically presents how the main ideological axes in these works develop, including the forms of representing the issue of women’s freedom, the understanding of social and personal relations, and the importance of moral values and responsibility. The study also emphasizes that these three plays reflect the gradual evolution of Sundukyan’s dramaturgical thinking-from the articulation of social problems to a deeper analysis of the human inner world, moral choice, and spiritual freedom, which characterizes the ideological maturity of his creative work. Special attention is also given to the concept of philanthropy as an expression of social responsibility and a path toward human moral perfection.

FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES OF ARMENIAN MILITARY EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE RA ARMED FORCES

Artsrun Hovhannisyan — 2026-08-23

This article examines the traditions of Western military educational institutions, presenting the motives behind their emergence, transformation, and key guarantees of success.

Parallels are drawn with advanced European countries and the American military education system, highlighting their specific characteristics. Particular attention is paid to the long-running struggle between the US military and Congress during the Cold War. The article then comments on the paradoxes of modern military operations related to the level of education and programs of the officer corps.

Based on the findings, the author discusses the key challenges of military education in the Republic of Armenia in the context of the concept of transforming the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia. Along with the acquisition of the latest technologies and weapons, the need for a comprehensively developed and educated officer corps based on interdisciplinary military science, a unique and unified military art, and flexible and adaptive educational programs is emphasized.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE GEOPOLITICAL BALANCE OF POWER IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS IN THE CONTEXT OF COMPETITION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND NATO/EU

Artyom Poghosyan — 2026-08-23

This article addresses the geopolitical power competition between Russia and NATO/EU in the South Caucasus, with a special focus on integration processes and energy security. In particular, it analyzes NATO's approaches and points of conflicting interests in the South Caucasus as reflected in strategic documents. The study demonstrates that Russia secures its influence through both bilateral relations and multilateral structures, notably the CSTO. At the same time, NATO applies a multilayered and dynamic approach in the region (e.g., the "Partnership for Peace" program), the study of which is essential for understanding current regional developments and trends in international relations.

The novelty of the research stems from viewing the transformation of the balance of power within a neorealist analytical framework, combining five interconnected factors: military presence, reconfiguration of alliances, energy and transport corridors, multi-vector policies, and global crises. The analysis shows that, particularly in the aftermath of the war in Ukraine, Russia's resource constraints and the West's growing activity have intensified competitive dynamics, giving rise to a multipolar environment in which the three South Caucasus states (Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia) exhibit significantly differentiated strategic behavior.

Based on a comparative analysis of these two structures, the article concludes that the security system of the Republic of Armenia—combining state and regional realities—must build its own security architecture through the harmonization of existing interests and the diversification of its foreign policy.

ARMENIAN-TATAR FIGHTS IN SHARUR-DARALAGYAZ (1905)

Karine Yeghiazaryan — 2026-08-23

In 1905-1906, the turbulent events that took place in the Transcaucasus for a certain period of time focused the attention of all Armenians on the problems of the Caucasian Armenians. The various problems accumulated in the relations of the Armenian and Tatar populations living side by side, thanks to the provocative policy of the Tsarist authorities, manifested themselves in all their shades, making the main issue of the agenda the issues of the struggle for survival of the Caucasian Armenians and the organization of effective self-defense. The Caucasian Armenians went through a period of difficult but honorable trials in those years. He suffered heavy human and material losses, but he also received necessary lessons in self-confidence and national dignity.

The reason for the beginning of the Armenian-Tatar feuds were ethnic, political, socio-economic, cultural, religious and a number of other factors (Stepanyan G., 2021; Yeghiazaryan K., 2025). The contradiction in the cultural and civilizational aspirations of the two peoples was obvious. This difference has given rise to some theorists even accusing the Armenians of thinking that the Armenian nationalists only thought about the Armenian people and did not engage in the education and upbringing of the neighboring Turks (Tarkhanyan G., 2002). Armenian-Tatar wars, in addition to Baku, also spread to various provinces of the Yerevan region. Sharur-Daralagyaz was not left out of the fighting.

AN ATTEMPT TO STUDY THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF THE SEVEN-YEAR KHARAJ IN THE EPIC "SASNA TSRER"

Gayane Mkrtumyan — 2026-08-23

The subject of this article is the seven-year tribute of kharaj, levied from residens of Sasun by order of Msra Melik in the epic "Sasna Tsrer". The latter ,most likely, has a historical basis and is connected with the treaty signed in 652 between the Armenian prince Theodore Rshtuni and Assurian governor Muawiya Ibn Aby Sufyan. The article briefly examines the Arab invasions of Armenia in the second half of the 7th century, the struggle and polifical activities the prince Theodore Rshtuni.The article analyzes the rebellions that broce out in Sasun and Taron in the 9th century against the tax policy of the Arab Caliphate, based on informarion provided by Armenian and Arab historians, which were reflected in the epic.Caliph Jafar Mutawakkil demanded taxes from Bagarat Bagratuni, the prince of Sasun and Taron and sent his taxcollectors there. In parallel with all this, the episodes of the epic are illuminated by emphasizing the terms of treaty of 652 according to which the Armenians were exempted from paying taxes to the Caliphate for 3 years. The purpose of the article is topresent the observations and analysis of a number of Armenian researches and historians regarding rhe date of signing of the treaty and the revision of the condition of Armenians being exempt from taxes for 3 years, placing it not within 3 years, but within 7 years. And based on these observations, it can be arqued, that the mention in the epic of the Armenians not paying tribute of kharaj to Msra Melik for 7 years is a historical memory of the terms of treaty of 652.

THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION AND ACTIVITY OF ASHTARAK’S LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES (1919–1920)

Anna Asatryan — 2026-08-23

The article discusses the elections of local self-government bodies, the legal foundations and principles of their organization. It also highlights the existing socio-economic challenges and the measures undertaken by the municipal authorities to overcome them.

The conducted research shows that the newly established local self-government of Ashtarak operated under extremely difficult and unstable conditions. Famine, epidemics, and unemployment directly hindered effective city governance; however, thanks to the efforts of the municipal authorities, it became possible to solve several pressing issues. In particular, anti-epidemic measures were organized, essential goods were obtained to meet the needs of the population, price regulations were introduced to curb inflation, and schools and libraries were reopened.

It can be stated that despite the socio-economic and psychological crisis in the country, the lack of relevant experience, and the low level of legal awareness, the municipal authorities of Ashtarak generally acted in accordance with the principle of public responsibility and contributed to the establishment of social stability.

Thus, the study of the activities of the Ashtarak local self-government shows that the efficiency of community governance is primarily determined by the ability to respond quickly and systematically to challenges, as well as by the citizens’ willingness to participate in community affairs.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ECONOMY IN THE PAGES OF "HISTORIOGRAPHY" BY ZAKARIA KANAKERTSI IN CONTEXT OF MEDIEVAL ARMENIAN CULTURE

Kristine Papikyan — 2026-08-23

“The Chronicle”, written by the renowned 17th-century Armenian historian Zakaria Kanakertsi, is divided into three parts. It presents a historical account of Armenia from the Arshakid Kingdom and the rise of the Sassanid dynasty up to the year 1699. Zakaria Kanakertsi was born in 1627 in the village of Kanaker in the Kotayk region. He served as the abbot of the Hovhannavank Monastery in the Aragatsotn region and died there in 1699. His chronicle primarily focuses on the regions of Aragatsotn and Kotayk, highlighting the main branches of the late medieval Armenian economy, particularly agriculture — field cultivation as well as related sub-branches such as farming, fruit growing, and gardening. The information he provides serves as a valuable historical and cultural primary source. Kanakertsi based his work on the writings of earlier chroniclers and epigraphic inscriptions carved on various monuments. As a direct witness to many of the events he describes, his accounts are considered credible and accurate. He places special emphasis on the condition of the Armenian peasantry, who, under Persian domination, endured severe oppression, including the tyranny of local khans, unlawful exploitation, and a heavy tax burden. Additionally, Kanakertsi addresses the economic policies carried out by the Persian khans, driven by both political motives and personal interests. In pursuit of wealth, these khans constructed irrigation canals in the territories of Kotayk and Aragatsotn, aiming to boost agricultural productivity and, ultimately, their own profits.

“The Chronicle” of Zakaria Kanakertsi is a valuable source for the study of the historical period in which the author lived, as well as the political, social, and economic life of Armenia during the late Middle Ages. The ethnographic details contained in the work provide a crucial foundation for understanding various aspects of the daily life and economic activities of the Armenian people.
Unlike historians of the early and high Middle Ages, who primarily focused on secular and religious elites, 17th-century Armenian authors shifted their attention to the lives of ordinary people. Particularly noteworthy in this regard is “The Chronicle” of Zakaria Kanakertsi, in which the narrative centers on the farmer, the artisan, and the builder — representatives of the working class. Alongside other late medieval authors such as Arakel Davrizhetsi, Zakaria Aguletsi, and Grigor Daranakhtsi, Kanakertsi made a significant contribution to documenting various aspects of peasant life. The study of this aspect makes the topic of the article particularly relevant.

THE 19TH-CENTURY ARMENIAN NATIONAL RENAISSANCE: EDUCATIONAL, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL ASPECTS

Nairuhi Gevorgyan — 2026-08-23

The 19th century holds a special place in the history of the Armenian people as a period of national awakening and pan-Armenian revival. During this time, Armenians, divided between the Ottoman and Russian Empires, began to redefine their national identity, develop education, culture, and political consciousness. As a result, a movement emerged, later known as the "Armenian National Renaissance" or "Zartonq," which became the foundation for the Armenian people's national-liberation struggle and the formation of modern Armenian national consciousness.

This article analyzes the multi-layered nature of the renaissance, emphasizing the role of educational, cultural, and political spheres in strengthening national awareness and shaping pan-Armenian objectives. The national movements of the 19th century were driven not only by external historical factors, such as oppressive administration and socio-political challenges, but also by internal reforms through the efforts of intellectuals, church leaders, and cultural figures. The study demonstrates that the development of knowledge, culture, and organized social activity served as the main foundation for national progress.

In conclusion, the 19th-century Armenian national renaissance was a complex, multi-faceted, and profound phenomenon that created a new political, cultural, and educational reality, shaped modern Armenian national consciousness, and laid the ideological and organizational groundwork for the restoration of Armenian statehood in the 20th century.

FEATURES OF COMMUNICATIOAN WITH NATIONAL POPULAR CULTURE IN GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOL

Aghvan Mkhitaryan — 2026-08-23

In modern education, folk culture should not be understood as a mechanically reproduced, absolute, or intangible set of behaviors and judgments. Rather, it is a dynamic process, continuously interpreted, recreated in new manifestations, and adapted to evolving life situations.

Since the development of communication culture progresses from the past to the present, educational standards in general education schools serve as both a reflection of contemporary behavior and a means of interacting with culture. As life conditions and realities change, folk culture adapts, giving rise to innovations that, in turn, become distinctive traditions, continuing the process of cultural development.

This article discusses the peculiarities of teaching decorative and applied art in schools, considering psycho-pedagogical conditions and the role of communication with national folk culture. It examines:

1. Activities and psychological characteristics of students;

2. Existing challenges in their development and formation;

3. The use of modern art education tools, including decorative and applied art.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the role of decorative and applied art as a tool for modern art education. The study builds on prior research while incorporating modern information technologies, focusing on art activities that facilitate both cultural understanding and creative development.

PROVIDING PSYCHOLOGICALLY FRIENDLY CONDITIONS FOR CHILDREN AS A MEANS OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

Armine Miqayelyan — 2026-08-23

The issues raised in the article and the suggestions arising from them aim to improve the effectiveness of the native language teaching process in primary grades of general education schools in the context of inclusive education. The fact is that we have good teachers, achievements in organizing inclusive education, but serious substantive problems. It is obvious that teachers (no matter how skilled and experienced they are) have difficulties when working with students with SEN. True, they try to apply methodological tools and means: they facilitate, simplify, sometimes simply reduce the tasks in textbooks, but these works are not always effective. The reasons are many and varied. The problem is most emphasized during the teaching of children with intellectual development difficulties.

In this article, we have presented adapted tasks during both literacy and reading teaching, which will contribute not only to the acquisition of knowledge by students with SEN, but also to the development of independence and creativity by overcoming some difficulties.

PROJECT WORK ON THE BASIS OF SOCIALIZATION OF ARMENIAN LANGUAGE TEACHING

Anahit Harutyunyan — 2026-08-23

Armenian is taught as a compulsory subject in general schools and higher education (with the exception of schools and universities with a foreign language focus). Language instruction at various levels in schools is aimed at improving students' literacy and enriching their vocabulary. At university, every major is taught in Armenian, and all departments study Armenian language and speech culture.

Project-based learning is widely used in the modern education system, allowing for the socialization and popularization of the subject. In this article, we first examine the essence of project-based learning and then, using it, explore the socialization of Armenian language teaching.

Project work is a combination of research and creative methods, which has a main problem that is solved by the student and the teacher by planning the work, searching for information, comparing and analyzing scientific and practical facts. One of the goals of teaching the Armenian language is the popularization of the literary Armenian language, as well as the reduction and elimination of linguistic and stylistic errors in speech. Literary Armenian is the language of communication in the official environment, as well as on television, radio, in the press, in school and academic circles, therefore, by including the project method of teaching in the university program, we can solve the social problem, since any profession is taught and transmitted in the native language.

The Pedagogical University is a higher education institution that awards teaching qualifications. Therefore, in response to contemporary pedagogical challenges, we believe it is important to conduct project work among students that combines knowledge of various professions with language culture.

Any profession is associated with the native language, especially in our case, where we are dealing with future teachers who will teach and impart their knowledge in Armenian. Therefore, the work we propose is relevant for any faculty as a step toward the socialization of the Armenian language.

METHODOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE USE OF HISTORICAL SOURCES IN HIGH SCHOOL (ACCORDING TO THEORY)

Naira Yerkanyan — 2026-08-23

In the context of contemporary educational requirements, history teaching is viewed not as the mechanical transmission of facts, but as a means of developing students’ critical thinking, analytical skills, and historical empathy. This article aims to provide a theoretical and practical justification of the methodological features of using historical primary sources in the process of teaching history in upper secondary school.Within the framework of the study, staged approaches to working with both primary and secondary sources are analyzed, ranging from simple reproduction of information to evidence-based analysis and the construction of students’ own interpretations.

The article also highlights trends aimed at achieving learning outcomes and developing key competencies defined in the State Standard of General Education of the Republic of Armenia. In particular, it is argued that research-based work with primary sources contributes to the development of students’ self-awareness, civic consciousness, and media literacy.

The methodological model presented in the article is based on international concepts of historical thinking and proposes a system of questions for the external and internal criticism of sources. It helps address the methodological gap in the Armenian educational system and supports the transition toward competency-based education.

THE POTENTIAL OF THE SCHOOL SUBJECT “MUSIC” IN THE FORMATION OF AESTHETIC FEELINGS IN ADOLESCENTS

Lala Simonyan — 2026-08-23

The aim of the article is to present the educational potential of the "Music" subject in the formation and development of the aesthetic feelings of adolescent learners. Within the scope of the study, the state standard and the syllabus of the subject, which serve as the basis for its organization and implementation, are analyzed. The article presents the syllabus and standard requirements of the subject, the forms of organization, the thematic plan for grades 5-9, and most importantly, the expected learning outcomes defined by the standard and syllabus at the end of basic school. It reveals to what extent the latter contribute to the formation of adolescents' aesthetic feelings, including emotional response, emotional empathy, and the meaningful interpretation of feelings, aesthetic perception, evaluation, as well as the formation of aesthetic needs.

The article also presents the general characteristics of music as an art form and its ability to influence an individual's emotions and feelings, as well as the psychological state of a person during adolescence, which is intimately connected to the emotional world, intense experiences, and the manifestation of feelings.